The 45-Minute Framework — system design interview guide

The 45-Minute Framework is a core lesson in the Foundations family of the Thita system design course.

The 45-minute interview framework, estimation with modern numbers, and CAP theorem.

It is part of the Interview Soon path: the HLD material that appears in a standard interview loop rather than only in a specialist one.

The rest of Foundations

• The 45-Minute Framework — Core lesson.
• Estimation & Modern Numbers — Core lesson.
• CAP & Consistency — Core lesson.
• Availability & SLA Math — Depth lesson.
• Latency & Capacity Planning — Depth lesson.
• Design URL Shortener — Core lesson, worked case study, about 45 minutes, asked at Amazon, Google, Microsoft.

Other system design pattern families

• Networking & APIs — Protocols (REST, gRPC, WebSocket, SSE), API design, pagination, and idempotency. 5 lessons · about 2 hours · Interview Soon · 1 worked case study.
• Databases — SQL vs NoSQL decision tree, replication, sharding, and indexing strategies. 7 lessons · about 3 hours · Interview Soon · 2 worked case studies.
• Caching — Cache-aside, write-through, failure modes, and when NOT to cache. 5 lessons · about 1.5 hours · Interview Soon · 2 worked case studies.
• Queues & Async — Kafka vs SQS, delivery guarantees, idempotent consumers, and event-driven patterns. 10 lessons · about 1.5 hours · Interview Soon · 5 worked case studies.
• Scalability — Consistent hashing, read vs write scaling, fan-out strategies, and circuit breakers. 7 lessons · about 1.5 hours · Interview Soon · 4 worked case studies.
• Coordination & Transactions — Raft consensus, distributed locking, saga pattern, and conflict resolution. 9 lessons · about 1.5 hours · Interview Soon · 5 worked case studies.
• Search, Geo & Aggregation — Full-text search, geospatial indexing, stream processing, and probabilistic structures. 9 lessons · about 1.5 hours · Interview Soon · 5 worked case studies.
• Reliability & Operations — Monitoring, observability, deployment strategies, and graceful degradation. 2 lessons · about 3 hours · Deep Dive.
• Security & Auth — OAuth 2.0, JWT vs sessions, API security, and encryption. 2 lessons · about 3 hours · Deep Dive.
• AI Infrastructure — LLM serving, inference batching, RAG pipelines, and vector search at scale. 6 lessons · about 6 hours · Deep Dive · 1 worked case study.
• Real-World Architecture Studies — Deep dives into Discord, Uber, Stripe, Netflix, and Kafka production architectures. 5 lessons · about 4 hours · Deep Dive.

Related interview preparation

• Looking for the practice sheet? — Track your progress against every family as a checklist, with company tags and AI interview practice.
• Low Level Design course — The object-level companion: OOP, SOLID, the design patterns and the machine-coding round.
• DSA patterns course — The coding round: the algorithmic patterns behind the problems asked alongside system design.
• Latency and capacity numbers — The reference table of modern latency, throughput and storage figures used in estimation.
• AI mock interviews — Practise the spoken answer against an interviewer that pushes back on the trade-offs.